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Spectrophotometric Simultaneous Determination of Salbutamol Sulfate and Ketotifen Fumarate in Combined Tablet Dosage Form by First-Order Derivative Spectroscopy Method
Parth R. Joshi,Shraddha J. Parmar,Bhavna A. Patel
International Journal of Spectroscopy , 2013, DOI: 10.1155/2013/589218
Abstract: Salbutamol sulfate and ketotifen fumarate are used in combination for the treatment of asthma. The present work deals with method development for simultaneous estimation of salbutamol sulfate and ketotifen fumarate in two-component tablet formulation by first-order derivative spectroscopy. For determination of sampling wavelength, 10？μg/mL of each of salbutamol and ketotifen was scanned in 200–400？nm ranges and sampling wavelengths were found to be 257？nm for salbutamol and 278？nm for ketotifen in first-order derivative spectroscopy. In this method, linearity was observed in the ranges of 5–45？μg/mL for salbutamol and 5–35？μg/mL for ketotifen. The % recovery was within the range between 98 and 102%, and % relative standard deviation for precision and accuracy of the method was found to be less than 2%. The method is validated as per international conference on harmonization guidelines. The method can be successfully applied for the simultaneous analysis of both drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms. 1. Introduction Salbutamol sulfate, chemically known as (rs)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylphenyl)-2-(tert-butylamino) ethanol sulfate (Figure 1), is beta-adrenoceptor agonist used as an antiasthmatic drug [1]. It is official in Indian pharmacopoeia and British pharmacopoeia. It is estimated by acid-base titration method as per Indian pharmacopoeia and British pharmacopoeia [1, 2]. The literature review reveals that HPLC [3–5] and UV spectrophotometric methods [6–8] have been reported for estimation of salbutamol sulfate in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Figure 1: Chemical structure of salbutamol sulfate. Ketotifen fumarate, chemically known as 4-(1-methyl-4-piperidylidene)-4h-benzo [4, 5] cyclohepta [1, 2-b] thiophen-10(9h)-one hydrogen fumarate (Figure 2), is cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine h-1 receptors used as an antiallergic and an antiasthmatic drug [9]. It is not official in Indian pharmacopoeia, British pharmacopoeia, United States pharmacopoeia, and European pharmacopoeia. The literature review reveals that HPLC [10, 11] and UV spectrophotometric methods [12, 13] have been reported for estimation of ketotifen fumarate in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Figure 2: Chemical structure of ketotifen fumarate. The salbutamol sulfate and ketotifen fumarate mixture is not yet official in any pharmacopoeia. As per literature, no analytical method could be traced for the analysis of salbutamol sulfate and ketotifen fumarate combination in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Therefore, simple, rapid, and reliable method for simultaneous estimation of these drugs in
Simultaneous Determination of Prasugrel and Aspirin by Second Order and Ratio First Order Derivative Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry
Shahabuddin N. Alvi,Mehul N. Patel,Prakash B. Kathiriya,Bhavna A. Patel,Shraddha J. Parmar
Journal of Spectroscopy , 2013, DOI: 10.1155/2013/705363
Abstract: Two simple, accurate, and precise UV derivative spectrophotometric methods for the simultaneous determination of Prasugrel and Aspirin in synthetic mixture form have been developed. The first method involves measurement of second order derivative spectra of Prasugrel and Aspirin. The zero crossing wavelengths 267.62？nm and 252.40？nm were selected for estimation of Prasugrel and Aspirin, respectively. In the second method, the first order derivatives of ratio spectra were calculated and used for the determination of Prasugrel and Aspirin by measuring the peak intensity at 268？nm and 290？nm, respectively. The methods were validated as per the ICH guideline Q2 (R1). Beer’s law is followed in the range of 5–45？μg/mL for Prasugrel and 25–150？μg/mL for Aspirin by second order derivative method and 6–22？μg/mL for Prasugrel and 45–165？μg/mL for Aspirin by ratio first order derivative method. The recovery studies confirmed the accuracy of the methods. Relative standard deviations for repeatability and inter- and intraday assays were less than 2%. Hence, the described derivative spectrophotometric methods are simple, accurate, precise, and excellent alternatives to sophisticated chromatographic techniques and can be potentially used for the simultaneous determination of Prasugrel and Aspirin in combined dosage form. 1. Introduction Aspirin (ASP), 2-(acetyloxy)benzoic acid, (Figure 1) has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. It also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis [1]. Aspirin is official in IP [2], BP [3], and USP [4]. Figure 1: Chemical structure of Aspirin. Prasugrel (PRA), 5-[2-cyclopropyl-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-4H,5H,6H,7H-thieno [3,2-c]pyridin-2-yl acetate, a thienopyridine derivative (Figure 2), is a platelet activation and aggregation inhibitor structurally and pharmacologically related to clopidogrel and ticlopidine. It is a prodrug that requires enzymatic transformation in the liver to its active metabolite R-138727. R-138727 irreversibly binds to P2Y12 type ADP receptors on platelets thereby inhibiting ADP-mediated platelet activation and aggregation [5]. It is not official in any pharmacopoeia. Aspirin in combination with Prasugrel is used to prevent thrombotic complications of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) [6]. Figure 2: Chemical structure of Prasugrel. The literature survey reveals that some analytical methods have
Simultaneous Estimation of Ibuprofen and Phenylephrine Hydrochloride in Bulk and Combined Dosage Form by First Derivative UV Spectrophotometry Method
Mehul Patel,Bhavna Patel,Shraddha Parmar
Journal of Spectroscopy , 2013, DOI: 10.1155/2013/364750
Abstract: A simple, precise, rapid, and economic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of Ibuprofen and Phenylephrine HCl in bulk and combined dosage form. This method involves first-order derivative spectroscopy using 248？nm and 237？nm as zero crossing points for Ibuprofen and Phenylephrine HCl, respectively. For spectrophotometric method 0.1？N NaOH was used as a solvent. The linearity was established over the concentration range of 12–72？μg/mL and 1.5–22？μg/mL for Ibuprofen and Phenylephrine HCl with correlation coefficient ( ) of 0.9972 and 0.9981, respectively. The mean % recoveries were found to be in the range of 98.88% and 98.54% for Ibuprofen and Phenylephrine HCl, respectively. Interday and intraday studies showed repeatability of the method. The method was found to be specific and robust. The method was successfully applied to pharmaceutical formulation, with no interference from excipients as indicated by the recovery study. Results of analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies. 1. Introduction The 2-arylpropionic acid derivative, Ibuprofen [RS-2-(4-isobutyl-phenyl) propionic acid], is one of the most potent orally active antipyretic, analgesic, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)s used extensively in the treatment of acute and chronic pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and related conditions. This compound is characterized by a better tolerability compared with other NSAIDs [1]. Ibuprofen contains a chiral carbon atom on the propionic acid side-chain; therefore it exists as two enantiomers. It is usually marketed as a 50？:？50 mixture of the S- and R-enantiomers, even if it is known that the pharmacological activity is due almost exclusively to the S-enantiomer [2]. Phenylephrine Hydrochloride is [(R)-2-methylamino-1-(3-hydroxyphenyl) ethanol hydrochloride] and used as alpha-adrenergic, sympathomimetic agent as well as vasoconstrictor with little effect on the myocardium or the central nervous system. The literature survey revealed that spectrophotometry [1], RP-HPLC [2], electrophoresis [3], and liquid chromatography [4] methods have been reported for the estimation of phenylephrine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations. The combination of Ibuprofen (IBU) and Phenylephrine HCl (PHE) is available as a tablet formulation in the ratio 200？:？10？mg IBU？:？PHE. RP-HPLC, HPTLC, and spectrophotometric methods for estimation of Ibuprofen (IBU) in combination with other drugs are reported [5–10]. The literature survey also revealed the report of RP-HPLC, HPTLC, and spectrophotometric methods for
Contact dermatitis due to hydroquinone
Pasricha J,Parmar K
Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology , 1991,
Abstract:
Development of Efficient Fermentation Process at Bioreactor Level by Taguchi's Orthogonal Array Methodology for Enhanced Dextransucrase Production from Weissella confusa Cab3  [PDF]
Shraddha Shukla, Arun Goyal
Advances in Microbiology (AiM) , 2012, DOI: 10.4236/aim.2012.23033
Abstract: The influence of medium ingredients on extracellular dextransucrase production by a new bacterial strain Weissella confusa Cab3 (Genbank Accession Number JX649223) was evaluated using fractional factorial design of Taguchi's orthogonal array. Four metabolism influencing factors viz. sucrose, yeast extract, K2HPO4 and Tween80 were selected to optimize dextransucrase production by W. confusa Cab3 using fractional factorial design of Taguchi methodology. Based on the influence of interaction components of fermentation, least significant factors of individual level have higher interaction severity index and vice versa for enzyme production from Weissella confusa Cab3. Sucrose and yeast extract were found to be the most significant factors which positively influenced the dextransucrase production. The optimized medium composition consisted of sucrose—5%; yeast extract—2%; K2HPO4—1.0%; Tween80—0.5%, based on Taguchi orthogonal array method. The optimized composition gave an experimental value of dextransucrase activity of 17.9 U/ml at shake flask level which corresponded well with the predicted value of 17.54 U/ml by the model. The optimized medium by Taguchi method gave significant (3 fold) enhancement of dextransucrase activity as compared to unoptimised enzyme activity of 6.0 U/ml. The dextransucrase production was scaled up in lab scale bioreactor resulting in further enhancement of enzyme activity (22.0 U/ml).
Analyzing Information Dynamics within Trading Companies: Evidence from Indian Market  [PDF]
Shraddha Mishra, Dilip Kumar
Theoretical Economics Letters (TEL) , 2018, DOI: 10.4236/tel.2018.86084
Abstract: The motive of the research is to assess the practices adopted by investors to counter total risk and profit with the criteria for the investment decision and to know that if insider information is providing better returns from investments. The research is a cross-sectional study of descriptive nature. Moreover, it is a causal research because of various causative influences being studied among the variables. In our study, there are often deeper psychological considerations (such as; profit earning capacity, forecasting capabilities, risk bearing attitude and several others) that even the respondent (brokers) may not be aware of. The researcher has consulted 767 share brokers, investors, and transfer agents of the equity shares. After applying content analysis over the feedback provided by them, the study has originated a questionnaire based on their interviews. The 382 respondents filled the final constructed instruments, and further were analyzed with the help of the Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to measure the model. The model suggests that the insider information always depends upon the profit earning capacity, forecasting capabilities, risk bearing attitude and investment decisions. The results assimilated with the theory of efficient market hypothesis (Fama; 1965) which suggests that no investor will be able to beat the market with either public or private information if the market is in the strong form of efficiency. The outcome complied after the survey did propose the same concept that insider information very soon converts into the public information.
Economics of Counterfeit Products: With Special Reference to Mobile Phones & Watches  [PDF]
Shraddha Mishra, Gunjan Rana
Theoretical Economics Letters (TEL) , 2019, DOI: 10.4236/tel.2019.95108
Abstract: The Indian population is increasing at an alarming rate causing threat to the economic development, not forgetting the fact that another sector that is increasing at the same rate is the counterfeit goods. One important fact that needs to be checked is why we find such an increase in the counterfeit products. The fact that the aspiration of the population is increasing, in desire to have luxury products needs to be explored. Objective of the study is to examine the attitude toward the counterfeit product in the market on various parameters. A total 1207 responses from 22 districts of Delhi & NCR were used to examine the probability of intention to buy counterfeit of Mobile phones & Watches; the study employed the factor analysis and logit analysis. Results revealed that counterfeit purchasers had lower perceptions of business ethics, implying that ethical beliefs may become the key to develop the strategies to reduce demand for counterfeit products.
Synthesis and Studies of Novel Optically Active Schiff’s Base Derivatives and their Antimicrobial Activities
Ishwar J. Patel,Shailesh J. Parmar
Journal of Chemistry , 2010, DOI: 10.1155/2010/956242
Abstract:
Effect of Altitude, Right Ascension of Ascending Node and Inclination on Lifetime of Circular Lunar Orbits  [PDF]
Shraddha Gupta, Ram Krishan Sharma
International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics (IJAA) , 2011, DOI: 10.4236/ijaa.2011.13020
Abstract: The lifetime of a lunar satellite orbit is constrained by the non-spherical nature of the Moon’s gravity field. The orbital lifetime of lunar orbits depends significantly on the initial conditions of the orbit. Right ascension of ascending node (Ω) is one of the important orbital parameter affecting the orbital lifetime. In the present work we have analyzed the effect of Ω on the variation of lifetime with altitude for circular lunar orbits. It is found that at a particular initial altitude, a small increase in the altitude results in substantial increase in the orbital lifetime due to effect of the long periodic terms of Earth’s gravity on eccentricity and this transition altitude is different for different Ω. Further, it is observed that the variation of transition altitude with Ω follows a definite, but different trend for orbits with different inclinations. The transition altitude for polar orbits is found to be higher without the effect of Sun and Earth gravity. Variation of transition altitude with orbital inclination is also analyzed. Lifetimes of high altitude circular lunar orbits are analyzed and it is observed that at high altitudes lifetime decreases with altitude.
The importance of surgical education in the accuracy of implant placement during hip fracture fixation
Vinay Parmar,A. J. Shyam Kumar
Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , 2009, DOI: 10.1007/s10195-009-0046-6
Abstract: This study demonstrates that introducing the concept of “TAD” to surgeons, will improve the accuracy of lag screw placement during fixation of an extracapsular fracture. The improvements in lag screw placement will undoubted reduce cut-out of the implant post-surgery.
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